IOTC Area Predictive analysis

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Description

The Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC) is an intergovernmental organization that coordinates the regulation and management of tuna in the Indian Ocean. The commission publishes data about fishing activity to be used by fishery managers to monitor catch effort and exploitation.

The experiment described in this page, focuses on the Purse Seine fishing activity, which is a very efficient way of catching fish and can produce large amounts of revenue in a short period of time. On the other side, this kind of fishing practice can also cause damage in a very short time. Unregulated purse seine activity would result in non-sustainable fisheries resources. Purse seining, in fact, is a non-selective fishing method that captures everything that it surrounds, including protected species. Examples are sea turtles, which can be captured by a purse seine or marine mammals that can be captured by catch.

Thus, monitoring and regulating purse seining is important and the example in this page shows an analysis to detect, monitoring and reduce such activity.

Hypothesis and Thesis

Premise

  • The analysis benchmark is made up of a report on purse seine fishing activity in the Indian Ocean involving the Yellofin Tuna.

Hypothesis

  • The exploitation trends and the locations involved in fishing activity can be periodic and could be forseen.

Theses

  • Basic statistical analysis, trends displaying and signal processing can be used to detect periodic properties;
  • Forecasting techniques can forsee future exploitation.

Outcome

Starting from the reports for Purse Seine fishing activity in the Indian Ocean from 1997 to 2012 we detected:

* an overall periodic, yet decreasing, number of Purse Seine fishing hours in the Indian Ocean;
* a periodic trend in the visitation of fishing locations, with periodicity between 56 and 46 months;
* an overall periodic variation of 12 months in the latitudes of the Purse Seine activity;
* forecasted locations for the fishing areas in the next years;
* a list of the most exploited areas at 10 degrees resolution;
* an overall periodic reduction of the Catch per Unit Effort (CPUE) in the most exploited 10-degrees area.

Analysis

The bechmark for our analysis can be found here. The dataset was extracted from the reports by IOTC published on their website. The dataset reports fishing activity in the Indian Ocean from January 1997 to December 2012. From this dataset, we selected only the long trail purse seine activities and aggregated the corresponding Yellowfin tuna catch reports.

Fishing hours aggregated per month along the entire period January 1997-December 2012

Our first analysis aimed at discovering hidden periodicities in the exploitation of the ocean area. Thus, we extracted the trend of the fishing hours effort in the period between January 1997 and December 2012. We summed the monthly hours spent by superposing reports and eventually obtained the above trend. We associated the total fishing hours for one month to the barycenter of the areas interested by the fishing activity in that month. The monthly barycenters were calculated by weighting each 1 degree cell in the original dataset, with the fishing hours spent in that month inside the cell. The complete resulting dataset can be found here. This contains unfolded information about the barycenters coordinates and their distances from the origin of the reference system.

Distribution of the vessels longitudes for Yellofin Tuna by Purse Seine technique, in the entire period January 1997-December 2012
Distribution of the vessels latitudes for Yellofin Tuna by Purse Seine technique, in the entire period January 1997-December 2012

The figures above display the trends for the longitudes and latitudes of the monthly barycenters. The signals show a periodic behaviour, which we investigate more accurately later in this page.

Catch quantity in tonnes for Yellofin Tuna, in the entire period January 1997-December 2012
CPUE for Yellofin Tuna, in the entire period January 1997-December 2012

The above figures, instead, report the trends for the amount of catch in tonnes for the Yellowfin Tuna, and the related catch per unit of effort (CPUE) calculated as the ratio between the catch and the fishing hours.

Spectrogram for the longitude trend.
Longitude trend in samples.
Spectrogram for the latitude trend.
Latitude trend in samples.

In order to inspect the periodic behaviour of the trends of the coordinates, we applied Fourier analysis to the signals and traced spectrograms. For both longitude and latitude, the analysis detected a period of 51.0 samples with indecision interval [56.64 ; 46.38]. This corresponds to a periodic exploitation of areas after approximately 51 months.

Fishing hours trend in samples.
Spectrogram for the fishing hours trend.

Fishing effort in hours, instead, is not a stationary signal, thus we tried to inspect its hidden periodicities by means of a Short-Time Fourier analysis. The analysis was made on 3 chunks of the signal presenting quite stationary means and variances. The analysis detected a weak overall periodicity of 12.91 samples with indecision interval between 13.25 and 12.59 samples. This means an annual periodicity in the variation of the fishing effort.

Distribution of the presence of vessels on 1 degree csquares, in the entire period January 1997-December 2012

We also report the trend of the Csquare codes associated to the barycenters. Each code was assigned to an index and the above chart displays the distribution of such indexes in time. We adopted this representation in order to report a bidimensional phenomenon on one dimension. The trend of the indexes is periodic and this is due to the periodic trend in longitudes and latitudes.

Forecasted trend for latitude.
Forecasted trend for longitude.
Forecasted trend for fishing hours.

Finally, we tried to forecast the coordinates trends in order to understand which places could be interested by exploitation in the 12 following months. To such aim, we used Singular Spectrum Analysis. The forecasts confirm the periodic nature of the coordinates signals. Furthermore, the forecast of the fishing hours effort, suggests that the amount of hours per month is going to oscillate around lower and lower values in average. Thus, the effort in purse seine is likely to be reduced.

Aggregation on 12 Months

Aggregation on 12 months of the number of Purse Seine fishing hours.
Aggregation on 12 months of the catch quatities.
Aggregation on 12 months of the CPUE for Yellfin Tuna.
Aggregation on 12 months of the barycenters latitudes.
Aggregation on 12 months of the barycenters longitudes.

We repeated the same analysis aggregating the fishing hours on 12 months. The figure above displays the trends we extracted after the aggregation. The periodic nature of the fishing activity is no more visible, except for the latitudes of the barycenters. In this case.

A periodic behaviour of 12 months is visible, which demonstrates that the latitude components is more relevant for latitude than for longitude.

Analysis on the Most Exploited Csquare

Csquare code Exploitation (fishing hours)
3005 614135.3
1005 709254.3
3004 513798.8
3104 211621.1
3006 258669.6
3105 24718.3
1004 12235.1
3004 513798.8
3007 33038.7
Most exploited areas at 10 degrees resolution

As last analysis, we investigated on the exploitation of the areas involved in the catch. We selected a coarse grain (10 degrees) and raked the most exploited square areas on 12 months. The trends and the data for each single square can be found here.

Aggregation on 12 months of the CPUE for the most exploited area, with csquare code 3005.
Aggregation on 12 months of the fishing hours for the most exploited area, with csquare code 3005.
Aggregation on 12 months of the catch in tonnes for the most exploited area, with csquare code 3005.

In the case of the most exploited area, a periodic trend of 3\4 months is visible in the CPUE chart, but this also indicates that the catch per effort is less and less. This indicates a higher effort with less hours of fishing.